英语翻译The making of parchment and later of paper was a natural outcome of the university and the necessity for manuscripts and books.A very considerable number of the uses to which dressed skins and hides can be put were familiar to the traders

英语翻译The making of parchment and later of paper was a natural outcome of the university and the necessity for manuscripts and books.A very considerable number of the uses to which dressed skins and hides can be put were familiar to the traders
英语翻译
The making of parchment and later of paper was a natural outcome of the university and the necessity for manuscripts and books.A very considerable number of the uses to which dressed skins and hides can be put were familiar to the traders in ancient Oxford,but probably none were more important than that of parchment-making,which must have been an industry from the earliest times.The first year that can be stated as one in which a 'Studium Generale' existed in Oxford is 1180,and in that year there is evidence of parchment makers in the town.(fn.7) This parchment-making continued through many centuries,and parchment sellers were still fairly common in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.It is indeed from Tudor times that the industry of paper-making must be dated,(fn.8) and Cecil was an ardent advocate of schemes for the manufacture of this product.(fn.9) Macpherson,in his Annals of Commerce,(fn.10) would place the date of white paper-making at the end of the seventeenth century,but it is certain that paper for books was made at Wolvercote Mill as early as 1666.(fn.11) It is a recognized fact that the manufacture of paper in England was largely due to the French immigrants at a later period,for they had learnt the art in Angoulême,but it would appear that Wolvercote Mill continued to carry on the business successfully from the time of its foundation without any alien interference,though at that period there were many Frenchmen in Oxford.At the beginning of the nineteenth century paper-mills were working at Eynsham,Wolvercote,and Sandford under the management of Mr.Swann.Later on in the same century paper for industrial purposes was also made at Sandford,Shiplake,Oxford,and Henley.

英语翻译The making of parchment and later of paper was a natural outcome of the university and the necessity for manuscripts and books.A very considerable number of the uses to which dressed skins and hides can be put were familiar to the traders
羊皮纸以及后来造纸的产生是社会但自然产物,也是手稿本及书本形成所不可或缺的.在古老的牛津时代,贸易者对熟皮、兽皮的各种用法都相当熟悉,但所有这些用途都没有羊皮纸的制造来的重要,它代表着人类从早期文明迈向了工业时代.其中,值得一提的是1180年在牛津大学校的成立.在这一年,到处可见牛皮纸制造商的身影穿梭在镇里镇外.牛皮纸制造业盛行了几个世纪,在伊丽莎白统治的时代,羊皮纸商家也随处可见.但在都铎王朝时代,羊皮纸就不那么盛行了.西塞尔是这一产物制造的热衷提倡者.麦克弗森在他的商务部史册里提到17世纪末,造纸术开始萌生.但在1666年早期,当时用于书本的纸张都是产自于沃尔夫考特地区.英国造纸的产生在很大程度上得益于后期法国的移民者,这一点事不争的事实.因为法国移民者在安古拉写到了很多艺术技艺.虽有了这样的奠基,但看来沃尔夫考特造纸事业的持续成功并未受到外来干扰.虽然当时牛津有很多法国人.19世纪初期,在Mr.Swann的领导下,造纸厂逐步出现在城市、沃尔夫考特以及斯坦福.后来,同意世纪,用于工业用途的造纸也随即在斯坦佛、斯普莱克、牛津以及亨利镇出现.