英语翻译Forexample,Klason lignin analyses of driedpine needles indicate that they contain upto 30% lignin by weight (Theander,1978),but this value exceeds that found even inmany woods and is probably too high.Onthe other hand,the Klason procedure

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英语翻译Forexample,Klasonligninanalysesofdriedpineneedlesindicatethattheycontainupto30%ligninbyweight(Th

英语翻译Forexample,Klason lignin analyses of driedpine needles indicate that they contain upto 30% lignin by weight (Theander,1978),but this value exceeds that found even inmany woods and is probably too high.Onthe other hand,the Klason procedure
英语翻译
For
example,Klason lignin analyses of dried
pine needles indicate that they contain up
to 30% lignin by weight (Theander,1978),
but this value exceeds that found even in
many woods and is probably too high.On
the other hand,the Klason procedure tends
to underestimate the amount of lignin in
annual plants,because some of the polymer
is acid-soluble and consequently lost during
the hydrolysis of polysaccharides.
The fungal delignification of woody
material can be monitored by electron
microscopy (Blanchette,1991) or light
microscopy.with selective staining
(Srebotnik and Messner,1994),although
these procedures are relatively complex
and only semiquantitative.Microscopy is,
of course,useful only when the substrate
being investigated still contains lignified
cell walls,but these techniques might be
used with advantage to assess ligninolysis
in relatively intact twigs or conifer needles.
Several chemical procedures have also
been introduced for the estimation of
lignin content.For example,pulverized
wood samples can be treated with acetyl
bromide in acetic acid,and the absorbance
of the resulting solution at 280 nm can be
compared with the absorbance obtained
from known lignin standards.Methods of
this type are subject to interference from
other components,but can be useful for
the comparison of closely related lignocellulosic
samples (Theander and Westerlund,
1993).
A less direct but very flexible approach
to the study of fungal ligninolysis is to
assess not whether the growth substrate
itself is being delignified,but rather
whether the fungus degrades a simpler target
molecule whose breakdown indicates
that ligninolytic systems must be functioning.
Model substrates of this type can be
infiltrated into the organism’s natural
lignocellulosic growth medium,e.g.wood
or litter,or they can be used as probes in
defined liquid growth media (Kirk et al.,
1975,1978; Srebotnik et al.,1994).The
most frequently used probes are 14C -
labelled synthetic lignins,which can be
prepared by polymerizing 14C-labelled phydroxycinnamyl
alcohols (e.g.labelled
coniferyl alcohol,see inset to Fig.2.1) with
horseradish peroxidase (Kirk and Brunow,
1988).

英语翻译Forexample,Klason lignin analyses of driedpine needles indicate that they contain upto 30% lignin by weight (Theander,1978),but this value exceeds that found even inmany woods and is probably too high.Onthe other hand,the Klason procedure
例如,干松针的克拉松木质素分析表明,其木质素含量为30%(西恩德,1987年),但这个比例比在很多木材中测得的含量都要高,可能有夸张成分.另一方面,克拉松分析常常低估一年生植物中的木质素含量,因为有些聚合体是酸溶的,可能在多糖的水解过程中流失.
木质材料的真菌去木质过程经过染色后(斯莱伯尼克和梅斯纳尔,1994年)可以通过电子显微镜(布兰切特,1991年)或光学显微镜观察,尽管这一过程相对较复杂,且属于半定量反应.显微镜只有在基片中仍含有木质化细胞壁时有效,但这种手段可以被用于对相对完整的树枝或针叶进行木质素降解研究.
一些化学手段也被用于测量木质素的含量.例如,将木屑样品在乙酸环境下与乙酰溴进行反应,再将280纳摩尔所得溶液的吸收率与已知的木质素标准吸收率进行比较.此类方法易受其它成分的影响,但在对若干相似木质纤维素样品进行比较时很管用(西恩德和韦斯特伦德,1993年).
另一个研究真菌木质素降解的方法较为间接,但更灵活,即不要去观察基片的生长是否被去木质化了,而是转而研究真菌能否降解更简单的目标分子,如果能降解,就说明木质素降解系统在作用.
这类基片模型可以被植入生物的自然木质纤维素培养基,例如木材或落物,或者将它们作为特定液体培养基的探测器(柯克等,1975,1978;斯雷波特尼克等,1994年).最常用的探测器是14碳人造木质素,可以通过合成14碳phydroxycinnamyl醇(例如,标记的松柏醇,见图2.1)和辣根过氧化酶得到(柯克和布鲁诺,1988年).


例子, Klason木素分析烘干
杉木针表明他们包含
对由重量(Theander的30%木素1978),
但是这价值超出找到的那甚而
许多森林和大概太高。 在
另一只手, Klason做法趋向
低估数量木素
每年植物,因为某些聚合物
在多聚糖期间加水分解是酸可溶和因而失去的。
霉菌去木质素...

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例子, Klason木素分析烘干
杉木针表明他们包含
对由重量(Theander的30%木素1978),
但是这价值超出找到的那甚而
许多森林和大概太高。 在
另一只手, Klason做法趋向
低估数量木素
每年植物,因为某些聚合物
在多聚糖期间加水分解是酸可溶和因而失去的。
霉菌去木质素作用木质
材料可以由电子监测
显微学(Blanchette 1991)或光
显微学。 有选择性弄脏
(Srebotnik和Messner 1994),虽然
这些做法是相对地复杂的
并且仅半定量。 显微学是,
当然,有用,只有当基体
仍然被调查包含lignified细胞壁,但是这些技术也许是
过去常常与好处估计ligninolysis
在相对地原封枝杈或针叶树针。
几个化工做法也有
被介绍为估计
木素内容。 例如,磨成粉
木样品可以对待与乙酰基
在乙酸的溴化物和吸光度
在280的发生的解答毫微米可以是
比较获得的吸光度
从已知的木素标准。 方法
这个类型是受干涉支配从
其他组分,但是可以是有用的为
密切相关的lignocellulosic样品比较(Theander和Westerlund,
1993)。
较少指挥,但是非常灵活的方法
对霉菌ligninolysis的研究
是否估计没有成长基体
本身delignified,但是宁可
真菌是否贬低更加简单请瞄准
故障表明的分子
那ligninolytic系统一定起作用。
这个类型式样基体可以是
渗入入自然的有机体的
lignocellulosic成长媒介,即木头
或者废弃物或者他们可以使用作为探针
被定义的液体成长媒介(等柯克,
1975年1978年; Srebotnik等, 1994)。
常常地使用的探针是14C -
被标记的综合性lignins,可以是
准备通过聚合14C被标记的phydroxycinnamyl酒精(即标记
coniferyl酒精,看见插页对图2.1)与
辣根过氧化物酶(柯克和Brunow,
1988)。

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